Conditions and Injuries

These are some of the common conditions and injuries treated by our specialists.
The treatment options listed are specific to conservative care offered by our specialists.

This information is provided by the Hand & Orthopedic Rehabilitation Specialists and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or health care provider. Please consult your health care provider for advice about a specific medical condition.

Click on the first letter of the Term you are looking for:
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

A

Achilles Tendon Injuries

Definition: forcefully overstretching, tearing, or rupturing the calcaneal tendon (achillies tendon) i.e. the tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel
Causes: underuse of the tendon causes weakness and increases likelihood of injury. Most injuries occur in athletic activities where jumping, pivoting, and bursts of running are involved
Treatment Options: Strength and flexibility training that allows the tendon to heal without stiffening and becoming immobile
See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program        See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) Injuries (Sprain or Tear)

Definition: overstretching, partial tear, or complete rupture to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (the main supporting structure of the knee that prevents the tibia (shinbone) from shifting forward from the knee joint)
Causes: abnormal twisting of the knee or over extension to weak muscles that cause this fibrous tissue to overstretch, tear, or rupture abnormal twisting often occurring during sport activities with cutting movements or twisting with the knee bent while skiing (Phantom foot)
Treatment Options (Pre or Post-Surgical: guided exercises increase strength, flexibility, and range of motion of the ligament and its surrounding muscles
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

Arthritis

Definition: a joint disorder featuring inflammation; this general term that includes over 150 types of arthritis ranging from those related to wear and tear of cartilage (such as osteoarthritis) to those associated with inflammation resulting from an overactive immune system (such as rheumatoid arthritis).
Causes: depending on the form, arthritis causes include injury (leading to osteoarthritis), metabolic abnormalities (such as gout and pseudogout), hereditary factors, the effect of infections, and a misdirected immune system with autoimmunity (such as in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus).
Treatment Options: physical and occupational therapy provide the patient with low impact exercises to gain strength and maintain use of the joint. Patients are educated on the use of assistive devices and teach adaptive techniques. CHT’s also make splints for the affected area to protect the joint and educate on appropriate splint use. Ice/heat treatment decreasing pain and swelling. Aquatic therapy in warm water pool to maintain mobility and increase general fitness.
See our Aquatic Therapy Program

B

Bursitis (elbow, hip…should we place this under “general injuries?”)

Definition: inflammation and irritation of the bursae sacs (fluid-filled sacs found at joints between bones and muscles that cushion and prevent bones from rubbing against each other.) Bursitis most commonly occurs in the elbow, hip and shoulder joints.
Causes: overuse or trauma to a ligament that affects and irritates the bursal sacs of the joint
Treatment Options: specific non-irritating exercises for increasing strength and flexibility of surrounding muscles and tendons to decrease the friction between bones and eliminate pain , anti-inflammatory modalitis to decrease inflammation, thorough assessment of surrounding joints for optimal functional movement
See our Aquatic Therapy Program     Call to schedule with a therapist who treats bursitis

C

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Definition: pain in the hand and fingers that is caused by pressure and compression on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist
Causes: any repetitive use of the wrist that increases pressure on the median nerve.
Treatment Options: guided exercises to increase strength of hand and wrist, as well as splinting to decrease pressure on the median nerve
See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program       See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

Coccydynia (tailbone pain)

Definition: pain in the coccyx or tailbone that affects the nerves and muscles surrounding it
Causes: usually caused by stress or injury to the coccyx
Treatment Options: pain relief and healing is achieved through manual therapy of spine, strengthening exercises for the pelvic muscles, and massages
See our WomanCare Program

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

Definition: nerve irritation causing pain and potential numbness in the hand and fingers
Causes: compression of the ulnar nerve when the cubital tunnel becomes inflamed from excessive bending or constant/direct pressure on the elbow
Treatment Options: physical therapy provides patients with treatments (i.e heat therapy, manual therapy, etc) to reduce and ease pain, education on how to decrease strain on elbow in daily activities, and strengthening exercises to improve function and mobility
See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program        See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

D

Degenerative Disc Disease (Spondylosis)

Definition: a spinal condition caused by breakdown of the intervertebral disc (the gel-like structure between each of the vertebra). As the disc degenerates, there is a decrease in shock absorption, and an increase in pressure on the vertebra; both of which cause additional injuries and disorders in the spine
Causes: general wear and tear on the area over time and injury
Treatment Options: exercise and manual therapy geared towards increasing strength and flexibility to the surrounding muscles in order to decrease pain and stress on the affected area
See our Back and Neck Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis(wrist pain)

Definition: inflammation and pain upon the tendons of the lateral side (thumb side) of the wrist
Causes: degeneration of the smooth covering of the tendon that allows it to glide efficiently across the other tendons during movement. This degeneration is caused by direct injury to the wrist, inflammatory arthritis, or repetitive twisting motions of the wrist
Treatment Options: removing stress and pressure on your wrist by wearing a custom splint, avoiding twisting motions of the wrist, icing the inflamed area, and education on how to properly pinch and twist the hand without causing further pain and damage.
See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program       See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

Dislocations

Definition: temporary displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint
Causes: impact or trauma
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

Dizzy

Definition: the term includes the feeling of faintness, loss of balance, and vertigo. See Vertigo or loss of balance

Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse)

Definition: a medical term that simply means “painful intercourse” used to describe all types of sexual pain. Sexual pain may occur upon penetration, during intercourse, and/or following intercourse. It can exist anywhere in the genital area – the clitoris, labia, or vagina, lower abdomen, etc. The pain may be described as sharp, stinging, burning, cramping, etc.
Causes: There are many causes of sexual pain such as vulvodynia, vestibulitis, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), ovarian cysts, urinary tract infections (UTI), Interstitial Cystitis (painful bladder syndrome), vaginal atrophy and dryness, lack of vaginal lubrication, childbirth trauma (postpartum), cancer, vaginal infections (irritants – yeast or bacterial, some STDs), skin conditions (Lichen Sclerosus, Lichen Planus, Eczema, Psoriasis), injury to the pelvic/genital area, sexual assault, endometriosis, etc.
Treatment Options: Particular treatment depends on the underlying cause of your pain. If an infection or medical condition is contributing to your pain, treating the underlying cause may resolve your problem. Physical therapy has been helpful if you have tightness of pelvic floor muscles, pelvic alignment or low back pain issues. We can teach techniques to help with pelvic floor relaxation exercises, appropriate use of dilators for stretching if needed, education on sexual positions and lubrication if needed. Often you may experience a negative emotional response to sexual stimulation even after treatment. If you and your partner have avoided intimacy because of painful intercourse, you may also need help improving communication with your partner and restoring sexual intimacy. Talking to a counselor or sex therapist can help resolve these issues.
See our WomanCare Program

F

Fracture

Definition: a crack or break in the continuity of a bone
Causes: accident, impact, or overuse (stress fracture)
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury after relocation and stabilization by a medical provider, physical therapy will design a specific strengthening program to use the muscles in the body to stabilize the joint and properly stress the newly formed bone to allow for proper healing
See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

Definition: due to scarring on the cartilage of the shoulder, the range of motion is significantly diminished in all directions
Causes: all injuries to the shoulder create an increased susceptibility to getting Adhesive Capsulitis. Shoulder injuries lead to this because they cause inflammation, scarring, thickening, and shrinkage of the shoulder capsule. Common shoulder injuries that lead to a frozen shoulder are: arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, and tears/ruptures of the rotator cuff. Risk factors for frozen shoulder include diabetes, stroke, accidents, lung disease, connective tissue disorders, and heart disease. The condition very rarely appears in people under 40 and commonly affects females more than males.
Treatment Options: in order to regain mobility and function, physical therapy is essential for Adhesive Capsulitis. Your therapist will determine which treatment is best for you base on the stage of your frozen shoulder (freezing, frozen, or thawing). Physical therapy will provide the patient with electrical stimulation, range of motion and strengthening exercises, ultrasound, ice/heat treatment, and manual therapy to heal the joint surrounding the shoulder
See our Sports Injury Rehab Page

G

Golfer’s Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis)

Definition: inflammation of the forearm tendons where they attach to the inside of the elbow (medial epicondyle of the humerous)
Causes: repetitive use and rotation of the wrist (as in golf, tennis, etc…), and excessive gripping/squeezing of an object that leads to inflammation and irritation of the tendons
Treatment Options: stretching and strengthening exercises are designed to improve health and functionality of the muscles and tendons of the forearm
See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program      See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

H

Headaches

Definition: painful sensation in the muscles, skin, and areas surrounding the head

Causes:

• Vascular headaches – caused by conditions that affect the blood vessels in the head and neck
• Tension headaches – muscle tension onset
• Inflammatory headaches – genesis from infections or lesions
• Cranial neuralgias – dysfunction of cranial nerves

Treatment Options: manual therapy, joint mobiliization, stretching and ice/heat treatment to relieve pain and inflammation
See our Headache Program

Herniated discs (ruptured or slipped disc)

Definition: the gel-like center of an intervertebral disc ruptures through the surrounding disc wall (annulus) which creates a chemical reaction and adds pressure on the adjacent nerve root; thus, intense amounts of pain are generated
Causes: there are multiple causes and risk factors for herniated discs. Some possible causes are stress/weight overload on the spine, sports injuries, accidents, pregnancy, etc…
Treatment Options: unloaded exercises, pool therapy, manual therapy, patient education, heat/ice therapy, muscle strengthening exercises, electronic stimulation, ultrasound, traction, and massage therapy all assist in the healing and rehabilitation of the herniated disc
See our Back and Neck Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

I

Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome)

Definition: noninfectious/nonbacterial inflammation and ulceration of the bladder wall. Interstitial cystitis can cause painful urination, urinary frequency and urgency, pain with intercourse, incontinence (urine leakage), pelvic pain that often worsens with bladder filling and certain foods and lessens with bladder emptying, etc
Causes: the actual cause is unknown, but may be attributable to autoimmune disorders, genetics, mast cell abnormalities, and neurogenic dysfunctions.
Treatment Options: Since all cases of Interstitial Cystitis manifest in different ways, a physical therapy program is designed to meet each patients needs. Physical therapy will provide the patient with education regarding diet and behavior modifications, gentle stretching exercises, biofeedback, myofascial release of pelvic floor muscles, and exercises to train the bladder and pelvic floor muscles to relax to help decrease pain.
See our WomanCare Program

Incontinence (Fecal)

Definition: the involuntary and uncontrollable loss or leaking of feces
Causes: constipation, damage to the anal sphincter muscles, damage to the nerves of the anal sphincter muscles or the rectum, loss of storage capacity in the rectum, diarrhea, and pelvic floor dysfunction
Treatment Options: Bowel training, biofeedback, exercises and stimulation therapy to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor; thus, gaining control over fecal release
See our WomanCare Program 
Our womanCare therapists treat both men and women with fecal incontinence

Incontinence (Urinary) Weak Bladder

Definition: Unexpected loss of small to large amounts of urine. Stress incontinence is leakage of small to medium amounts of urine when you cough, sneeze, laugh or strain. Urge incontinence is a sudden strong urge to urinate or the need to urinate often. Mixed incontinence is symptoms of both urge and stress incontinence.
Causes: Weakness and lack of support or over-activity (muscle spasms) of the pelvic floor muscles. Possible causes of pelvic floor weakness may include: pregnancy and childbirth, injury or trauma, surgery in the vagina or rectum, episiotomy (during childbirth), thinning and dryness of the skin in the vagina especially after menopause, enlarged prostate in men or prostate surgery and lack of exercise or use. “Overactive bladder” or urge incontinence is often due to weakness and “over active” pelvic floor muscles.
Treatment Options: Pelvic floor strengthening exercises modify behaviors that may make symptoms worse, biofeedback to show how your muscles are working and electrical stimulation therapy to help improve awareness and strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.
See our WomanCare Program 
Our womanCare therapists treat both men and women with urinary incontinence

IT Band Syndrome (Iliotibial Band Syndrome)

Definition: Irritation and inflammation of the outer side of the knee where the Iliotibial Band slides across the lateral femoral epicondyle (outer bony projection) of the femur. As the IT Band slides across the epicondyle (when bending your knee), it irritates this area and causes inflammation and pain.
Causes: overuse and repetitive extension of the IT Band over the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Also, this could be an indication of decreased strength and flexibility in the quadriceps muscles; thus, creating added stress and tension on the IT Band. IT Band Syndrome is often seen in marathon and long distance runners, but may occur without any perceptible cause.
Treatment Options: Treatment may include rest from running, increased cross-training, manual therapy to address tight muscles and mechanical dysfunctions, exercise to address weakness in the hips and abnormal movement patterns. Anti-inflammatory modalities may also be beneficial.
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program        See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

J

Joint Contractures

Definition: stiffness in the muscles, ligaments, and tissues that prevent full movement in a joint
Causes: immobilization (from a previous injury), nerve injury, and muscle, tendon, or ligament diseases are all factors that would significantly decrease mobility of the joints
Treatment Options: to increase elasticity of the soft tissues surrounding the joint, stretching and strengthening exercises, as well as custom splinting (to keep the tissues in a constant state of stretching) are provided through physical therapy
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

Jumper’s Knee (Patellar Tendinopathy)

Definition: progressive degeneration and micro-tearing of the patellar tendon where it attaches to the patella
Causes: overuse, explosive movements of the knee, and injuries can cause micro-tears in the knee that exceed the rate at which the body can heal itself
Treatment Options: manual therapy and strengthening exercises for the quadriceps, calf muscles, and lower leg muscles are designed to decrease pain and strain on the patellar tendon
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

L

LCL injuries (Lateral Collateral Ligament)

Definition: overstretching, partial tear, or complete rupture to the Lateral Collateral Ligament (the main supporting structure on the outside of the knee)
Causes: usually is caused by a force (or form of contact) that overstretches, tears, or ruptures the ligament
Treatment Options: proper strength and stretch training of the ligament and surrounding muscles to increase strength and decrease risk of re-injury
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

Limb numbness

Definition: loss of feeling or sensation, loss of blood flow to a region. 
Causes: impact/overuse/strain, nerve injuries, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury Schedule with a therapist who specializes in limb numbness

Loss of balance, Fall Risk, or Fear of Falling (Disequilibrium)

Definition: Disequilibrium is the loss of balance or the feeling of unsteadiness when you walk. This can cause an individual to fall or give them the fear of falling decreasing the individual’s activity becoming a debilitating cycle.
Causes: Inner ear (vestibular) problems can cause you to feel like you are unsteady while walking, especially in the dark. Sensory disorders such as failing vision and nerve damage in your legs (peripheral neuropathy). Joint and muscle problems can contribute to loss of balance when it involves your weight-bearing joints. Neurological conditions such as: Parkinson's disease, cerebellar ataxia, normal pressure hydrocephalus and spinal cord disorders. Additionally, medications such as anti-seizure drugs, sedatives and tranquilizers can cause disequilibrium.
Treatment Options: begin with a complete diagnostic exam to determine contributing factors. Treatment plans vary depending on specific diagnosis.
See our Balance and Vestibular Program

Low Back Pain

Definition: pain and discomfort in the joints, muscles and nerves of the lower back. Low Back Pain can include (spondylolysis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, etc)
Causes: there are numerous causes for low back pain. Most common causes include: general degeneration and wear and tear, autoimmune disorders, accidents, and injuries. i.e. degeneration of intervertebral discs, narrowing of spinal column (causing pinched nerves), fibromyalgia (painful trigger points in connective tissues), accidents and injuries, etc…
Treatment Options:unloaded movement exercise, massage/manual treatment, heat/ice therapy, and a guided exercise programs all contribute to improving the strength, flexibility, and functionality of musculoskeletal system in the low back
See our Back and Neck Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

M

MCL injuries (Medial Collateral Ligament)

Definition: overstretching, partial tear, or complete rupture to the Medial Collateral Ligament (the main supporting structure on the inside of the knee)
Causes: usually is caused by contact or force upon the outer side of the knee that causes the knee to shift inwards and overstretch, tear, or rupture the ligament
Treatment Options: proper strength and stretch training of the ligament and surrounding muscles to improve strength and decrease risk of re-injury
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Meniscus injuries

Definition: a tear or natural degeneration of the meniscus of the knee (the shock absorber between the femur and the bones of the lower leg)
Causes: most causes for meniscal tears are athletic injuries. Chronic degeneration is also a common cause of problems in the meniscus
Treatment Options: depending on the severity of the injury, physical therapy may range from straight leg muscle strengthening exercises to high activity training programs
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program       See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Muscle tear

Definition: torn muscle fibers, abrupt pain and tightness with pinpoint tenderness
Causes: overuse/strain
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

O

Osteoporosis

Definition: decrease in bone density and bone strength. Over time, this degradation weakens the bone and increases susceptibility of breakage
Causes: as the body ages, calcium is slowly depleted from the bones, and causes this decrease in density
Treatment Options: guided weight bearing activities will strengthen the bones and decrease risk of injury
See our WomanCare Program

P

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Chondromalacia)

Definition: pain on the front of the knee cap as the cartilage between the patella and the femur becomes irritated and rough
Causes: overuse of, injury to, or general wear and tear on the cartilage of the knee cap
Treatment Options: exercises designed to decrease pressure on the patella, as well as strengthen the quadriceps muscles to improve movement and stability
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

PCL injuries (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)

Definition: overstretching, partial tear, or complete rupture to the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (the main supporting structure of the knee that prevents the tibia (shinbone) from slipping backwards)
Causes: usually caused by falling on, or receiving forceful impact to the front of the knee. This pressure causes the tibia (shinbone) to shift backwards and overstretch, tear, or rupture the ligament
Treatment Options: proper strength and stretch training of the ligament and surrounding muscles to result in increased strength and decreased risk of re-injury
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Pelvic Pain

Definition: general term used to describe pain in the pelvic region or lower abdomen between the hips which may radiate into the low back, buttocks, rectum and vagina (or scrotum for men). If symptoms persist longer than six months you can develop chronic pelvic pain (CPP).
Causes: Dysfunction and pain in the pelvis may have many origins or can result from a combination of factors. Each organ (uterus, vagina, bladder, prostate, bowel) joint, and tissue may produce a specific pattern of pain or vague pelvic discomfort. However, the bones, muscles, and soft tissues (ligaments, tendons, and connective tissue) of the pelvis can also contribute to pelvic pain syndromes. They can be initiated by an event such as Infection (yeast, bacterial, urinary tract) childbirth, endometriosis, abuse (physical, sexual, emotional), surgery, fall or trauma, prostatitis, injuries or problems with abdomen, hips, lumbar spine, or pelvis (including sacroiliac joints, pubic bones, or tailbone).
Treatment Options: Physical therapists are trained to evaluate and treat joint dysfunction, muscle tightness, weakness or imbalance in muscle groups, and nerve entrapment- all potential signs of pelvic pain. A physical therapist trained in this area may utilize hands on massage techniques to address muscle tightness or targeted exercises to improve muscle strength and reduce faulty patterns of muscle recruitment. Other treatment may include biofeedback, retraining of un-coordinated muscles, postural training, and strengthening of the abdominal core muscles to decrease pain and support healing.
See our WomanCare Program 
Our womanCare therapists treat both men and women with urinary incontinence

Pudenal Nerve Entrapment / Neuralgia

See our WomanCare Program
Our womanCare therapists treat both men and women with urinary incontinence

Peripheral Neuropathy

Definition: loss of function of the peripheral nerves (the nerves thatextend into the extremities (arms, hands, legs, and feet). Pain in the upper or lower extremities at night or when activity level is reduced.
Causes: a decrease in function and capacity of the nerve due to direct impact/injury to a nerve, or the general degradation of the myelin sheath (the insulation of the nerve bedy that assists in the efficient travel of the electrical stimulation through the nerve)
Treatment Options: an exercise program will be extremely useful to improve balance for those suffering from nerve damage. Splinting is helpful in stabilizing areas to decrease pressure on a specific nerve. Additionally the ReBuilder, an electrical nerve stimulator to “awake” the nervous system to begin to function normally.  Very helpful to reverse the presence of numbness or tingling, or pain.
Schedule with a therapist who specializes in Peripheral Neuropathy          Call to schedule a free trail of the Rebuilder

Piriformis Syndrome

Definition: prolonged tightening and contraction of the piriformis muscle causing compression on the sciatic nerve as it passes through the buttock. Piriformis Syndrome is often a cause of Sciatica.
Causes: possible causes include overuse during physical activity, prolonged sitting, and inefficient warm up and stretching when exercising.
Treatment Options: stretching, strengthening exercises, and massage therapy are all parts of a physical therapy program designed to alleviate the pain of the piriformis muscle and it added compression on the sciatic nerve
See our Back and Neck Program       See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Plantar Fasciitis

Definition: inflammation of the plantar fascia (i.e. the fibrous tissue that extends across the bottom of the foot)
Causes: injury and underlying conditions (such as arthritis) are the main causes for the inflammation response
Treatment Options:physical therapy is useful in stretching, strengthening, and supporting the foot towards decreasing inflammation and pain.  Also, individualized custom orthotics or shoe inserts fitted and made by a therapist are useful in relieving stress and compression on the inflamed areas. When this condition is longer than 2-3 months old we utilize the ASTYM System (link).See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

Post-Surgical Healing

Definition: pain, dysfunction, and immobilization following surgery
Causes: surgery to any joint or structure of the body (i.e. lumbar, patellar, shoulder, hip, etc…)
Treatment Options: stretching exercises, manual therapy and training programs are designed to decrease pain and restore mobility to the affected site
See our Total Joint Program        See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program  

R

Rib Dysfunction/Pain

Definition: condition in which the placement or movement of one or more ribs is altered or obstructed
Causes: bruised, fractured, and dislocated ribs are usually caused by injuries and accidents where there has been a direct blow to the thoracic abdominal area
Treatment Options: manual therapy, strengthening exercises, and ice/heat treatment are all effective forms of healing an injured rib
See our Back and Neck Program

Rotator Cuff Impingement (Tendinopathy of Rotator Cuff)

Definition: pressure and pain placed on the rotator cuff, from the shoulder blade, as the arm is being lifted
Causes: a partial tear of the rotator cuff, injury to the shoulder, bursitis, or tendonitis of the shoulder are all possible causes for Impingement
Treatment Options: ice/heat therapy to reduce and ease pain, education on how to decrease strain on the rotator cuff in daily activities, and stretching exercises to improve function and mobility

S

Sciatica

Definition: inflammation, irritation, or pressure upon sciatic nerve that causes pain in lower back and radiates down the back of the thigh and into the leg
Causes: general wear and tear on vertebra, herniated disc in lumbar vertebra,
Treatment Options:Unloaded exercises to allow movement without pain, physical agents to reduce pain, traction, manual therapy, spine stabilization exercises, flexibility exercises, instruction on injury prevention, instruction on proper body mechanics, individualized programs to meet specific needs.
See our Back and Neck Program        See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Scoliosis

Definition: sideways curvature of the spine
Causes: neuromuscular disorders, arthritis, wear and tear on the spine, and birth defects are all possible causes for Scoliosis
Treatment Options: a brace is the common form of treatment for those with mild Scoliosis, but stretching, strengthening exercises, and unloading techniques are also effective methods for decreasing the load and stress placed on the body from Scoliosis
See our Back and Neck Program

SI Joint Dysfunction (Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction)

Definition:Most common pain is from the joint being in an abnormal position causing pain in the spine or into the buttocks and hips.  Pain can also be caused (but is more rare) by the wearing down and degeneration of the cartilage at the sacroiliac joint (joint connecting the spine to the pelvis).  As the cartilage breaks down, friction between the bones (osteoarthritis) causes irritation and inflammation
Causes:Most common cause is forceful twisting movement or lifting injury causing the abnormal positioning to occur. general wear and tear on the cartilage of the SI Joint, and increased stress on the SI Joint caused by any condition that alters normal gait (walking patterns)
Treatment Options: manual therapy, strength and stabilization exercises, and mobilization training will assist in removing stress and relieving pain from the joint
Schedule with a therapist who specializes in SI joint Dysfunction

Skier’s Thumb

Definition: injury (often a tear) to the ligament that connects the bones of the thumb
Causes: injury where the thumb is bent abnormally backward or sideways (usually caused by falling onto an outstretched hand while an item is being gripped in that palm—i.e. falling with a ski pole in hand)
Treatment Options: custom splints, strength/flexibility exercises, and manual therapy assist in suppressing pain and promoting healing to the ligament
See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program

Separation

Definition: a condition where the joint structure is stretched, but the bone is not displaced out of its joint capsule
Causes: impact/overuse/strain
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury

Sprain

Definition: muscle and ligament injuries where the supporting ligament is ruptured, but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. No dislocation or fracture is involved
Causes: impact/overuse/strain
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury

Strain/pull

Definition: muscle and ligament injuries where the muscle/ligament is overstretched or overexerted. No dislocation or fracture is involved
Causes: overuse/strain
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury

Stress fracture

Definition: a fracture caused by repetitive stress on a bone through athletics, strenuous exercise, or heavy physical labor
Causes: impact/overuse/loss of bone density
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury POOL
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program      See our Aquatic Therapy Program

Shin Splints (Tibial Tendonitis)

Definition: pain in the front lower leg caused by inflammation and irritation of the surrounding muscles, tendons, and bones
Causes: vigorous athletic activity (especially overtraining) can cause a stress fracture or tendinitis to develop in the lower leg, which radiates to pain in the shins
Treatment Options: physical therapy will provide the patient with low impact exercises to gain strength and flexibility without further irritation of the affected bone/tendon (i.e. pool running and stationary bike training). Additionally, custom-made orthodics will improve stability and support the feet during rehabilitation and returning to physical activity
See our Sports Injury Rehab Program

T

Tendinosis

Definition: non-inflammatory repetitive stress injury of tendon fibers which is a degenerative disorder
Causes: impact/overuse/strain causing inflammation of a tendon that did not complete the healing process
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury
See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

Tendinitis

Definition: inflammation of a tendon
Causes: impact/overuse/strain
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury

Tendon Rupture

Definition: tearing of a tendon
Causes: impact/overuse/strain
Treatment Options: treatments vary depending on the severity and location of the injury

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)

Definition: inflammation on the attachment point where the forearm tendons join with the outside of the elbow (lateral epicondyle of the humerous)
Causes: repetitive use and rotation of the wrist (as in tennis, gardening, etc…). Also, excessive gripping/squeezing of an object can irritate the tendons and cause inflammation
Treatment Options: physical therapy provides patients with stretching and strengthening exercises to improve the health and functionality of the tendons in the forearm
See our Hand and Upper Extremity Program        See our ASTYM and Chronic Tendinosis Program

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Definition: pain in the neck and shoulders due to compression of the nerves and vessels in the thoracic outlet (the space between the collarbone and the first rib)
Causes: poor posture, excessive weight and pressure on the thoracic outlet, trauma/injury to the shoulder, and repetitive degenerating motions of the shoulder cause inflammation and compression on the nerves and vessels
Treatment Options: relaxation techniques and strengthening exercises assist in improving mobility, decreasing inflammation of the shoulder, removing pressure on the nerves and vessels, and providing better posture techniques for the individual
Schedule with a therapist who specializes in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

V

Vaginismus (Pain with Intercourse)

Definition: inability to penetrate the vagina secondary to pain and involuntary tightness of the pelvic floor muscles of the vagina during intercourse, pelvic exams or tampon use. Tightness can also lead to burning, pain or stinging of the vagina making penetration difficult or sometimes impossible.
Causes: Exact causes are unknown but can be both physical and non-physical in nature. Fear or anticipation of intercourse pain, anxiety or stress general anxiety, physical and emotional abuse, or other unhealthy sexual emotions, infections (urinary tract or yeast), child birth, surgery, low back pain, miscarriages, sexually transmitted disease, endometriosis, genital or pelvic tumors, cysts, cancer, vulvodynia / vestibulitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, lichen planus, lichen sclerosis, eczema, psoriasis, hormonal changes , vaginal prolapse, etc.
Treatment Options: Physical therapy has been helpful if you have tightness of pelvic floor muscles, pelvic alignment or low back pain issues. We can teach techniques to help with pelvic floor relaxation exercises, myofascial release to tight muscles, appropriate use of vaginal dilators for stretching if needed, biofeedback to teach you how to use your muscles correctly, education on appropriate sexual positions and lubrication if needed.
See our WomanCare Program

Vertigo

Definition: the feeling that the room is spinning when the individual is stationary.
Causes: Can be caused by multiple factors. Common contributing diagnoses are: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (ear rocks), Ménière's disease, vestibular neuritis, or vestibular migraine.
Treatment Options: through evaluation to determine factors and diagnosis is essential. Treatment options vary depending on diagnosis. See our Balance and Vestibular Program

Vestibulitis (Vulvar Vestibulitis)

Definition: severe sensitivity of areas surrounding the entrance to the vagina which may produce a burning, tearing feeling upon penetration of the vagina particularly along the sides when pressure is applied. Sometimes may have evidence of redness or irritation but not always.
Causes: the actual cause is unknown, but is often thought to be caused by inflamed glands at the opening of the vagina, which may be initiated by injury to or irritation of the nerves surrounding your vulvar region (neuropathic), skin irritation (lichens sclerosis, lichens planus, dermatitis, cellulitis, Paget Disease), autoimmune disorders, allergies or a localized hypersensitivity of your skin and history of sexual abuse. Often patients are diagnosed with having recurring yeast infections
Treatment Options: A combination of treatments is usually required to treat this condition and requires a collaborative approach of your referring physician is needed to help treat all the symptoms. Often you may develop tight pelvic floor muscles due to a protective response that your body is anticipating the pain. A specially trained Pelvic Floor Physical therapist can teach techniques to help with exercises to help relax pelvic floor muscles, myofascial release to the tightened muscles, appropriate use of vaginal dilators for stretching if needed, biofeedback to teach you how to use your muscles correctly, education on skin care, sexual positions and certain lubrications if needed. Treatments may also include surgery, topical anesthetics and medication such as Tricyclic antidepressants that may help lessen chronic pain include amitriptyline, and anticonvulsants such as gabapentin (Neurontin).
See our WomanCare Program

Vulvodynia

Definition: The main vulvodynia symptom is pain in your genital area, which can be characterized by burning, soreness, itching, stinging, rawness, painful intercourse (dyspareunia) or throbbing. The pain may be constant or intermittent and can last for months or even years, but it can vanish as suddenly as it started. Vulvar tissue may look minimally inflamed or swollen. More often, your vulva appears normal.
Causes: the actual cause is unknown, but may initiated by injury to or irritation of the nerves surrounding your vulvar region (neuropathic), past vaginal infections (yeast, urinary tract infection, etc), skin irritation (lichens sclerosis, lichens planus, dermatitis, cellulitis, Paget Disease), autoimmune disorders, allergies or a localized hypersensitivity of your skin and history of sexual abuse.
Treatment Options: A combination of treatments is usually required and entails a collaborative approach of your referring physician to help treat all the symptoms. Often you may develop tight pelvic floor muscles due to a protective response since penetration is painful. A specially trained Pelvic Floor Physical therapist can teach techniques to help with vaginal relaxation exercises, myofascial release to tightened muscles, appropriate use of vaginal dilators for stretching if needed, biofeedback to teach you how to use your muscles correctly, education on sexual positions and lubrication if needed. Treatments may also include surgery, topical anesthetics and medication such as Tricyclic antidepressants that may help lessen chronic pain include amitriptyline, and anticonvulsants such as gabapentin (Neurontin).
See our WomanCare Program

W

Whiplash (Cervical Sprain, Strain, or Hyperextension)

Definition: the effect of an abnormal force of motion applied to the neck, causing injuries to the muscles, ligaments and tendons.
Causes: usually, the abnormal force of motion is due to athletic injuries, falls, and automobile accidents.
Treatment Options: heat and ice therapy, massage treatment, and range of motion exercises to promote healing to the injured soft tissues of the neck
See our Back and Neck Program

For other medical terms, please visit to MedlinePlus.com

You can access our services in Salt Lake, Summit, or Davis counties in one of our outpatient clinic locations
Salt Lake City | Murray | Draper | Park City | Bountiful